MD Sermorelin

References

The eighteen primary sources.

Every quantitative claim on this site traces back to a peer-reviewed paper, an FDA document, or an official regulatory record. Direct PubMed / PMC / DOI links throughout.

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The eighteen citations below are ordered by their appearance across the site, not by publication date. Numbers correspond to the bracketed inline markers ([1], [2], …) used throughout /index, /research, /dosage, and /faq.

The modern adult-aging trial record is anchored by [1] Baker 2012, [2] Vittone 1997, [3] Khorram 1997, [4] Friedman 2013, [5] Vitiello 2006, and [16] Corpas 1992. The pediatric foundational evidence is [6] Prakash & Goa 1999 (revisited in [12]). The mechanism and pharmacokinetics summaries draw on [7] Walker 2006 and [8][17] the Geref pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic data. The GHRH-analog family context is [10] Schally 2024 and [11] Granata 2024. The recent neuroprotection signal is [13] Cai 2024 on MR-409 in Alzheimer's mouse models. The regulatory framing is [14] the 2025 WADA Prohibited List. The preclinical-cognition foundation is [15] Thornton 2000.

All links resolve to primary sources: PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), PubMed Central (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), journal publisher pages, or official regulatory PDFs.

  1. Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S, Merriam GR, Friedman SD, Craft S, Vitiello MV. Effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone on Cognitive Function in Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Older Adults: Results of a Controlled Trial. Archives of Neurology. 2012;69(11):1420-1429. ↗
  2. Vittone J, Blackman MR, Busby-Whitehead J, Tsiao C, Stewart KJ, Tobin J, Stevens T, Bellantoni MF, Rogers MA, Baumann G, Roth J, Harman SM, Spencer RG. Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men. Metabolism. 1997;46(1):89-96. ↗
  3. Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82(5):1472-1479. ↗
  4. Friedman SD, Baker LD, Borson S, Jensen JE, Barsness SM, Craft S, Merriam GR, Otto RK, Novotny EJ, Vitiello MV. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Effects on Brain γ-Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Aging. JAMA Neurology. 2013;70(7):883-890. ↗
  5. Vitiello MV, Moe KE, Merriam GR, Mazzoni G, Buchner DH, Schwartz RS. Growth hormone releasing hormone improves the cognition of healthy older adults. Neurobiology of Aging. 2006;27(2):318-323. ↗
  6. Prakash A, Goa KL. Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. BioDrugs. 1999;12(2):139-157. ↗
  7. Walker RF. Sermorelin: A better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency? Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2006;1(4):307-308. ↗
  8. Serono Laboratories. Sermorelin acetate (Geref) prescribing information — pharmacokinetic data reproduced in clinical reference. RxList drug monograph. 2007. ↗
  9. Baker LD, et al. Effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone on Cognitive Function in Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Older Adults — supplementary safety data. Archives of Neurology. 2012;69(11):1420-1429. ↗
  10. Schally AV, Cai R, Zhang X, Sha W, Wangpaichitr M. The development of growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs: Therapeutic advances in cancer, regenerative medicine, and metabolic disorders. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2024;26(3):385-396. ↗
  11. Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Khan I, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2024;20. ↗
  12. Prakash A, Goa KL. Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency — extended follow-up sub-section. BioDrugs. 1999;12(2):139-157. ↗
  13. Cai R, Zhang X, Schally AV, et al. Protective effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its agonistic analog MR-409 in Alzheimer's disease. Endocrine Abstracts (ECE 2024, 26th European Congress of Endocrinology). 2024. ↗
  14. World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Agency 2025 Prohibited List. WADA International Standard. 2025. ↗
  15. Thornton PL, Ingram RL, Sonntag WE. Chronic [D-Ala2]-growth hormone-releasing hormone administration attenuates age-related deficits in spatial memory. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2000;55(2):B106-B112. ↗
  16. Corpas E, Harman SM, Pineyro MA, Roberson R, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone-releasing hormone is an inhibitor of growth hormone-releasing hormone in older men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992;75:530-535. ↗
  17. Serono Laboratories. Sermorelin acetate (Geref) prescribing information — pharmacodynamic data reproduced in clinical reference. RxList drug monograph. 2007. ↗
  18. Blackman MR. Use of growth hormone secretagogues to prevent or treat the effects of aging: not yet ready for prime time. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2008;149(9):677-679. ↗
  19. Munafo A, Nguyen TX, Papasouliotis O, et al. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated growth hormone-releasing hormone is long acting and stimulates GH in healthy young and elderly subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2005;153:249-256. ↗
  20. Chen RG, Shen YN, Yei J, et al. A comparative study of growth hormone (GH) and GH-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 for stimulation of growth in children with GH deficiency. Acta Paediatrica Supplement. 1993;388:32-36. ↗
  21. Khorram O, Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Endocrine and metabolic effects of long-term administration of [Nle27]growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 in age-advanced men and women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82:1472-1479. ↗
  22. Lanes R, Carrillo E. Long-term therapy with a single daily subcutaneous dose of growth hormone releasing hormone (1-29) in prepubertal growth hormone deficient children. Venezuelan Collaborative Study Group. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology. 1994;7:303-308. ↗
  23. Gelander L, Lindstedt G, Selstam G, et al. Effects of acute intravenous injection of two growth hormone-releasing hormones (GHRH 1-40 and 1-29) on serum growth hormone and other pituitary hormones in short children with pulsatile growth hormone secretion. Hormone Research. 1989;31:213-220. ↗
  24. Tauber MT, Pienkowski C, Pigeon P, et al. Growth hormone (GH) profiles in response to continuous subcutaneous infusion of GH-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 in children with GH deficiency. Acta Paediatrica Supplement. 1993;388:28-31. ↗
  25. Coutinho LFD, DE Oliveira Neves LF, Camilo RP. A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2026. ↗
  26. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine. 2026. ↗
  27. Villegas Meza AD, et al. Injectable Peptides in Sports Medicine: A Structured Narrative Review of Evidence, Safety, and Antidoping Implications. JBJS Reviews. 2026;14. ↗
  28. Esposito S, et al. Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2021. ↗
  29. Thorner M, Rochiccioli P, Colle M, Lanes R, Grunt J, Galazka A, Landy H, Eengrand P, Shah S. Once daily subcutaneous growth hormone-releasing hormone therapy accelerates growth in growth hormone-deficient children during the first year of therapy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;81(3):1189-1196. ↗
  30. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Guidance for Industry). FDA Guidance for Industry. 2025. ↗